Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reference list, e.g.: "Health Canada (2017a) states that. When there is more than one work by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter.When a work has no author alphabetize by the first significant word in the title.When the author is a group (governmental department, agency, association or institution) alphabetize by the first significant word in the name.For several works by the same author cite them in your reference list by year of publication with the earliest first - Smith, A.For the authors’ names, use surnames and initials: 'Smith, J.', not 'Smith, Jennifer'.Alphabetize letter by letter "Nothing precedes something" 'Brown, J.Entries are in alphabetical order by the last name of the first author (Rule 6.25, p.Do not use italics for something that is part of a greater whole (e.g., journal article, book chapter, e-book chapter, newspaper article, magazine article, blog post, television episode, webisode, webpage, tweet, Facebook update, encyclopedia entry, Wikipedia entry, dictionary entry, song). ![]() ![]() Use italics for standalone items (e.g., book, e-book, report, dissertation, thesis, film, video, television series, podcast, YouTube video, artwork, map, music album, paintings, photos, unpublished manuscript).Not all journals have a DOI so please consult the APA Guide section on how to treat those citations. Parenthetical citations and narrative citations in-text are formatted the same as with any other source (first element of the reference list entry, year), though unlike with other sources, court decisions and cases use italics for the title in the in-text citation. A DOI (digital object identifier) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet.When citing webpages, be sure that it really is a webpage and not a journal article, or report that you found on the Internet.If there is no date of publication, use the abbreviation “(n.d.)”.For webpages, look for the date when the content was created.If more than one city of publication is listed in the book you are citing, use the first one listed.It is used only if the journal is paginated separately by issue. It is rare that an issue number is included.When citing books, articles or chapters (not periodicals), capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or period and any proper nouns.When a work has no author the title moves into the author position.When the author is a group (governmental department, agency, association or institution) use the full name rather than abbreviation.
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